![]() (00)00028-9ĭonatelli C, Zhang X, Ganju NK, et al (2020) A nonlinear relationship between marsh size and sediment trapping capacity compromises salt marshes’ stability. ĭias JM, Lopes JF, Dekeyser I (2000) Tidal propagation in Ria de Aveiro Lagoon, Portugal. ĭemas SY, Hall AM, Fanning DS et al (2004) Acid sulfate soils in dredged materials from tidal pocomoke sound in somerset county, MD, USA. University of California Press, pp 149–169ĭefne Z, Aretxabaleta AL, Ganju NK et al (2020) A geospatially resolved wetland vulnerability index: synthesis of physical drivers. In: Human Impacts on Salt Marshes A Global Perspective. Ĭrain CM, Gedan KB, Dionne M (2009) Tidal restrictions and mosquito ditching in New England marshes. Ĭraft CB, Seneca ED, Broome SW (1993) Vertical Accretion in microtidal regularly and irregularly flooded estuarine marshes. J Coastal Res 28:874–880Ĭorrell MD, Hantson W, Hodgman TP et al (2018) Fine-scale mapping of coastal plant communities in the Northeastern USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 434:57–66Ĭorman SS, Roman CT, King JW, Appleby PG (2012) Salt marsh mosquito-control ditches: sedimentation, landscape change, and restoration implications. North Hampton, NHĬorman SS, Roman CT (2011) Comparison of salt marsh creeks and ditches as habitat for nekton. Prepared for the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control CommissionĬardno ENTRIX (2013) Slough’s Gut Salt Marsh Enhancement Post-Construction Monitoring Report: Year 5ĬMA Engineers (2018) Philbrick Pond Salt Marsh Drainage Evaluation Final Report. Estuar Coasts 42:1–15Ĭameron Engineering and Associates (2015) Long Island tidal wetland trends analysis. Ĭahoon DR, Lynch JC, Roman CT et al (2019) Evaluating the relationship among wetland vertical development, elevation capital, sea-level rise, and tidal marsh sustainability. īurns CJ, Alber M, Alexander CR (2021) Historical changes in the vegetated area of salt marshes. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 44:303–314īurdick DM, Moore GE, Adamowicz SC et al (2019) Mitigating the legacy effects of ditching in a New England salt marsh. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washingtonīrown WW (1978) Wetland mapping in New Jersey and New York. īourn WS, Cottam C (1950) Some biological effects of ditching tidewater marshes. Wetl Sci Pract 37:183–196īertness MD, Ewanchuk PJ, Silliman BR (2002) Anthropogenic modification of New England salt marsh landscapes. Since waffle pooled marshes often contain favorable salt marsh mosquito habitat, restoration efforts should integrate ecological approaches with mitigating public health concerns.Īdamowicz SC, Wilson G, Burdick DM et al (2020) Farmers in the marsh: lessons from history and case studies for the future. We propose that waffle pools are the product of long-term ditching impacts and that comprehensive strategies are needed that restore drainage networks, restore elevation and alleviate tidal restrictions. Loss of marsh at edges due to erosion increased as the ratio of edge to marsh area increased. Overall, interior marsh loss increased as tidal range decreased. An analysis of change of New Jersey’s and New York’s marshes since 1970s confirmed that waffle pools are a recent phenomenon and that this process was responsible for 30–100% of all marsh interior vegetation loss in regions of the study area with tidal range below 0.8 m. Unlike waffle pools, the presence of isolated and tidally-connected pools throughout the region was not influenced by tidal range, although both of these pool types were more likely to occur in unditched marshes with higher elevations relative to MSL. Waffle pools were most likely to occur where tidal range was less than 0.8 m, but they could also occur anywhere that tidal range was reduced by anthropogenic features. This study assesses the factors influencing the distribution of waffle pools and other marsh pool types from Maine to Virginia using imagery and existing datasets. While pools in unditched marsh may eventually revegetate, waffle pools appear to be a more permanent source of vegetation loss. Recently, the phenomenon of “waffle” pooling has been documented in ditched marshes, where a repeating pattern of shallow rectangular pools form in the marsh interior. Ditching is one of the most widespread forms of anthropogenic impact on tidal marshes but its effects remain poorly understood. ![]()
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